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Tecnología Cerámica – GITEC

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“Una comunidad, Un Producto” Fortalecimiento del Sector Cerámico Artesanal de Cúcuta en la construcción de su producto identitario

Sanchez Molina, Jorge | 2020-02-02

El proyecto busca fortalecer a las unidades productivas artesanales de la cerámica de Cúcuta y su área metropolitana, mediante el mejoramiento de las etapas del proceso productivo, a través de las siguientes líneas de acción: capacitación y asesoría en procesos productivos, desarrollo de productos, organización, tecnología y uso de derechos de propiedad intelectual. Se destaca que en el proyecto intervienen de forma articulada el Centro de Investigación de Materiales Cerámicos y tres grupos de Investigación de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, en apoyo a organizaciones del sector publico y privado como actores claves en el esfuerzo por el fortalecimiento de la cerámica artesanal en la región, siendo este proyecto considerado como el inicio de un apoyo pertinente y sostenido en el tiempo, mediante alianzas estratégicas.

Effect of the addition of rice husk in technological properties of materials for the manufacture of ceramic

Bautista-Ruiz, Jorge | 2021-06

In this study, the rice husk discarded by the agro-industrial rice company in the department of Norte de Santander (Colombia) was used to replace clay material in the manufacture of tile-type ceramics. The materials were used to make test specimens with the presence of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (weight) of scale and with three different types of grain size (1180 µm, 180 µm, and 75 µm mesh through). The specimens were molded using the extrusion technique. The shaped materials were subjected to different firing temperatures (900 °C, 1000 °C, 1100 °C, 1150 °C, and 1200 °C) to establish correlations between the microstructure/topography of the material and some of the technological properties of the ceramic such as the mechanical resistance to bending, resistance to deep abrasion, percentage of water absorption and linear drying/cooking shrinkage. The results show that proportions higher than 10% of rice husk do not obtain ceramics with ideal technological properties for use as pavement or coating. The best results were obtained when the husk was used at 5% and 180 µm mesh through grain size. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the cooked samples shows significant changes in the proportion of phases formed (test tubes with and without substitution of clay material) as the temperature increases.

Production of electroplated rhenium coatings using pulsating currents

| 2021-06

Rhenium was the most interesting material because it can be oxidized at high temperatures, so it is a promising applicant in biomedical applications. Its high melting point requires techniques such as electro-coating to produce it in thin-film formation, using a current of 40 mA/cm2 , in a cathode pulse and 4 mA/cm2 , in anodic form, the variation in temperature of the acid electrolytic bath being realized in a range of 60 to 85±2 °C. The temperature variation of the samples allowed to correlate their response to the degradation phenomenon. The topographical evaluation using atomic force microscopy on the surface of the samples permitted to indicate that a tendency of the roughness to reduce with the increase of the temperature up to 80 °C existed, an electrochemical evaluation was generated using Tafel polarization curves, immersed in a Ringer's lactate solution with a temperature of 37 °C, has now been subsequently performed using the scanning electron microscope, the surface analysis of the coatings, demonstrating that at deterioration is negligible, but when increasing the temperature to 80 °C, the deterioration is imperceptible when the type of surface damage is unobservable, however in the case of 85 °C the deterioration is observable.

Museums of geological and mining heritage. Case study for El Suspiro mine (Cúcuta, Colombia)

Castro Duque, Yesid | 2021-06

This work provides information on several existing museums in the region of Cúcuta (Colombia), which have elements that can be considered geological or mining heritage. These museums could be integrated into the creation of a mining theme park in conjunction with the closure of the El Suspiro limestone mine. The objective of this study, in addition to disseminating the information, is to show the existing museums at the municipalities of Los Patios and Cúcuta, where there are collections of fossils, minerals and archaeological elements found in the region. Additionally, there are enginery and elements that were used for mining development in the region as well as in the School of Mining Engineering at the Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander (UFPS). The methodology of this study involved an analysis of the topic at global, national and local contexts, visits to the museums and the mine site, as well as photographic records and geo-positioning. It is concluded that it is feasible to implement geotouristic visits at the El Suspiro limestone mine, as well as visits to the existing museums in Agualinda and Vados counties, and the museum of geological and mining heritage of the Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander at Cúcuta, Colombia.

DISEÑO DE UN PRODUCTO DE CONSTRUCCIÓN DE CONCRETO REFORZADO CON FIBRAS DE VIDRIO Y CON FIBRAS A PARTIR DE SUB-PRODUCTOS INDUSTRIALES

Sanchez Molina, Jorge | 2021-08-25

El concreto es un material que ha sido utilizado desde la antigüedad en la construcción de edificaciones que han sobrevivido el paso de los años. El concreto a su vez ha sido foco de investigación por muchos científicos a nivel mundial, quienes tienen como propósito optimizar las propiedades físicas y mecánicas para el mejoramiento continuo del material en cuanto a manejabilidad, resistencia y durabilidad. Diversas fuentes han reportado que desde la antigüedad se hacia el uso de materias primas diferentes a las convencionales (arena, cemento y grava) para la fabricación de concreto, tal es el caso del uso de crin de caballo adicionadas a morteros, y la paja para reforzar ladrillos de barro. En la actualidad, reforzar concreto con hebras o hilos tienen un nombre específico, el cual es conocido como concreto reforzado con fibras. Las fibras pueden ser de muchas procedencias; ya sean artificiales como lo es el caso de las fibras de plástico (polipropileno y el polietileno tereftalato-PET), las fibras de vidrio y las fibras metálicas, de hierro o acero; o también pueden ser fibras de procedencia natural (de origen animal o vegetal), como es el caso de las fibras de bagazo de caña de azúcar, paja, lechuguilla, estopa de coco, plumas de aves, entre otras. El uso de las fibras para reforzar concreto se da con el fin de mejorar ciertas características del concreto, tal como la resistencia a la flexión y la resistencia a la tracción, pero sin dañar propiedades como la densidad, la resistencia a la compresión y el módulo de elasticidad. Además, en muchos casos el uso de fibras se da con el fin de utilizar aquellos desechos y/o sub-productos industriales a los cuales no se les da un correcto manejo y terminan contaminando el medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, el presente proyecto tiene la finalidad de fabricar concreto con fibras de vidrio, las cuales han sido catalogadas por muchos investigadores como las mejores fibras para reforzar concreto, y compararla con fibras naturales a partir de desechos y/o sub-productos industriales, e identificar cuales fibras presentan mejoras en las condiciones del concreto (contrastado con concreto convencional). La investigación hace parte de un desarrollo tecnológico y experimental, es de tipo cuantitativa y descriptiva, ya que la investigación pretende conocer la estructura y la funcionalidad de un concreto especial diseñado con fibras de vidrio y con fibras a partir de sub-productos industriales. Los resultados esperados con el desarrollo del proyecto son los siguientes: formar a dos jóvenes investigadores, los cuales están siendo financiados por MinCiencias a través de la convocatoria 891; generar conocimiento a través de la publicación de un artículo científico en una revista categoría B; y generar la apropiación de conocimiento a través de la participación en la modalidad de ponencia en un evento nacional o internacional.

Mineralogical characterization of zeolites present on basaltic rocks from Combia geological formation, La Pintada (Colombia)

Gelves Diaz, John Freddy | 2016-11

The present study report the presence of natural zeolites, which were found in the andesitic basalts from the Combia geological formation, municipality of La Pintada, Antioquia department (Colombia). The collected samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with detector X-ray energy dispersive (SEM/EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light optical microscopy (PLOM). The results shown the presence of an associated zeolites heulandite group with predominance of heulandite phase rich in calcium and potassium, with prevalence of platy habit and in a lesser extent the habit coffin type, tabular and block were also evidenced. The presence of chabazite, phillipsite and mordenite, were evidenced as minority zeolites phases. Based on the zeolites properties, the phases founded in Combia formation could be an interest materials for technological applications in areas such agriculture, catalysis or gas separation applications. Especially in Colombia this kind of mineral can be important because much of the current consumption is imported from other territories.

Estrategias para mejorar la productividad y competitividad de las empresas de calzado de Cúcuta

Monroy Sepulveda, Richard | 2017

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo plantear estrategias para mejorar la productividad y competitividad de las empresas de calzado de Cúcuta. La población estuvo conformada por 32 empresas de calzado de Cúcuta, que se encuentran actualmente funcionando (carácter legal). La elaboración de las estrategias partió de un análisis interno de la cadena de valor de las empresas de calzado de Cúcuta y posteriormente de un análisis externo, conformado por el análisis del diamante de PORTER, las 5 fuerzas competitivas y las fuerzas macroambientales, económicas, tecnológicas y ambientales. Se determinó la posición competitiva a través de la Matriz de Evaluación Interna-Externa. Desde la posición competitiva, se elaboraron las estrategias y los planes de acción para mejorar la competitividad y productividad.

Análisis de las propiedades físico cerámicas y efectos superficiales en un tipo de pasta cerámica, sometida a proceso de modelado mecanizado CNC por sustracción material, para la vinculación de un nuevo modelo de fabricación en la industria cerámica regio

Maldonado M, Alvaro E | 2018

La investigación se desarrolla a partir del análisis superficial y físico cerámico en una pasta cerámica debidamente caracterizada; pasta atomizada que mediante proceso de extrusión se obtienen las muestras de arcilla que van a estar sometidas a un modelado mecanizado CNC por sustracción antes del proceso de cocción, las cuales son revisadas mediante Microscopia Óptica para analizar los cambios que se presentan a nivel de superficie. El estudio de los cambios superficiales o alteraciones en las propiedades físico cerámicas que se producen en este material por el proceso de mecanizado, es relevante para determinar con exactitud las alteraciones que se presentan en el material y la ejecución de las mismas piezas fabricadas mediante este proceso; el cual puede dar paso a diseños de morfologías de alta eficiencia energética e incorporar procesos de producción más consecuentes con las políticas ambientales en relación al impacto actual que la industria cerámica produce en la región. Es importante destacar que la investigación tiene como objetivo proponer un modelo más de producción cerámica, en la industria regional, el cual articula los nuevos medios de Fabricación Digital, ofreciendo a la industria regional nuevos desarrollos de alta competitividad a nivel nacional e internacional. Por ultimo las reflexiones económicas y ambientales de esta propuesta giran en torno al desarrollo de espacios productivos, que permitan a los proyectistas establecer nuevas soluciones de diseño, a problemáticas que están sujetas a la forma de cómo pensamos nuestro modo de habitar y de cómo construimos nuestras ciudades en un entorno de producción de bajo impacto ambiental.

Caracterización Anticorrosiva y de Biocompatibilidad en Recubrimientos Silicio-Titanio-Zirconio Sintetizados Vía Solgel y Depositados sobre Sustratos 316L

Bautista-Ruiz, Jorge | 2018-02

Se sintetizaron, los sistemas ternarios [Si/Ti/Zr: 10/70/20] y [Si/Ti/Zr: 10/20/70] vía sol-gel y se aplicaron sobre sustratos de acero inoxidable 316L mediante la técnica de inmersión. En los recubrimientos obtenidos se evaluó la respuesta anticorrosiva en una solución fisiológica simulada mediante curvas potenciodinámicas de polarización. Se estudió la biocompatibilidad celular de osteoblastos; la adhesión sustrato-recubrimiento; la topografía superficial, el espesor y la rugosidad en los recubrimientos. Los resultados de este estudio permiten establecer un alto grado de efectividad anticorrosiva y buena biocompatibilidad. Los recubrimientos sintetizados vía sol-gel establecen su potencialidad como barrera anticorrosiva en función del sistema ternario aplicado al sustrato de acero inoxidable 316L.

Synthesis of oxygenated compounds from methane, carbon dioxide and liquid water using non-thermal plasma

Gelves Diaz, John Freddy | 2018-02

Oxygenated compounds were obtained from methane and carbon dioxide using the unconventional activation by dielectric barrier discharge plasma. The process was performed using a multiphase feed composed of methane, liquid water and carbon dioxide as oxidizing agent. The effect of the CH4/CO2 ratio as well as the flow of liquid water were investigated. The results show that the presence of liquid water in the reactor favors the formation of oxygenated compounds. A direct proportional relation between the flow of water, concentration of methane in the gaseous feed (in the presence of water) and the amount of the produced oxygenates was observed. The highest value of selectivity towards oxygenated compounds was 21.2%, with methanol and formic acid being the main products formed.

Synthesis and corrosion resistance evaluation of coatings of SiO2-TiO2-ZrO2-BiO2 on 316L stainless produced by sol-gel

Olaya, Jhon | 2018-10

En este trabajo se presenta la síntesis y la evaluación de la resistencia a la corrosión de recubrimientos de SiO2-TiO2-ZrO2-BiO2 depositados por la técnica de centrifugado sobre acero inoxidable AISI 316L. Los soles se prepararon a partir de una mezcla de precursores orgánicos, como el tetraetoxisilano (TEOS) al 98%, tetrabutóxido de titanio (TBT) al 97%, zirconio (IV) butóxido (TBZ) al 80% en solución 1-butanol y nitrato de bismuto penta-hidratado Bi(NO3)3*5H2O. La resistencia a la corrosión se determinó mediante ensayos de curvas de polarización potenciodinámica y de espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica (EIS) en una solución electrolítica de 3,5% Wt de NaCl + 0,5 M de H2SO4. A los soles preparados se les caracterizó mediante estudio reológico, de pH en función del tiempo, mediciones de espectroscopia de infrarrojo por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) y calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC). Los recubrimientos se caracterizaron mediante difracción de rayos X (XRD), microscopia electrónica de barrido (MEB), espectroscopia de energías dispersivas (EDX), fluorescencia de rayos X (XRF) y medidas de adherencia. Los resultados mostraron que las películas ofrecen una buena resistencia a la corrosión sobre el sustrato metálico disminuyendo los valores de densidades de corriente hasta en un orden de magnitud

Synthesis and corrosion resistance of SiO2-TiO2-ZrO2-Bi2O3 coatings spin-coated on Ti6Al4V alloy

Alférez Vega, Fabio Leonardo | 2018-02

This report shows the synthesis and corrosion resistance of SiO2-TiO2-ZrO2-Bi2O3 coatings deposited by means of spin-coating on Ti6Al4V alloy. The sols were prepared from a mixture of organic precursors, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) 98%, titanium tetrabutoxide (TBT) 97%, Zirconium (IV) butoxide (TBZ) 80% in 1-butanol solution, and bismuth nitrate pentahydrate Bi (NO3)3 * 5H2O. The coatings were evaluated via potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests in an electrolytic solution of 3.5% wt NaCl + 0.5 M H2SO4. The rheology and pH of the prepared sols were studied through rheology, pH as a function of time, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The coatings were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy equipped with dispersive energy spectroscopy (SEMEDX), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and adhesion measurements. The results showed that the films add good corrosion resistance to the metal substrate, decreasing current densities up to one order of magnitude.

Sol-Gel Synthesis of Titanium/Bismuth Oxide Coatings for Biocompatibility Applications on 316L Stainless Steel

Aperador Chaparro, William Arnulfo | 2018-05

Objectives: This study was carried out in order to establish the potential offered by the sol-gel method to obtain Titanium/ Bismuth oxide coatings on 316L Stainless Steel (SS) substrates in biocompatibility applications. Methods/Analysis: The stable sol was synthesized by using Bismuth nitrate (III) pentahydrate and Titanium (IV) butoxide. The coatings were deposited by spin-coating technique at 4000 rpm and characterized topographically by Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM and structurally by X-ray diffraction XRD. Through the techniques of polarization potentiodynamic curves and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), the anticorrosive response of the �ilms was evaluated. The thickness was then measured, and biocompatibility test was developed. Findings: It was found that the coatings with high composition of the precursor titanium (IV) butoxide offer the best results as an anticorrosive application. Likewise, the growth of cells was uniform on the �ilms indicating that the medium offered by the �ilms does not present active cytotoxicity and surpasses by a large number the cellular growth level compared to stainless steel. Applications /Improvement: 316L (SS) is very useful in implantology, for its low cost compared with other materials. The implanted steel suffers corrosion by the physiological �luids of body. Titanium/Bismuth coatings establish a barrier between body �luids and SS implant.

Effect of nitrogen flow ratio on microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of TiWSiN x thin film deposited by magnetron co-sputtering

Olaya, Jhon | 2018-10-31

We investigate the deposition of TiWSiNx thin films by means of the method of reactive magnetron co-sputtering, setting the nitrogen flow ratios N2/(Ar + N2) at 4.8%, 9.1%,16.7 and 33.3%. The crystallographic structure of the films was established through X-ray diffraction (XRD), the morphology and topography were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), the chemical composition was evaluated through X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the mechanical properties were evaluated by nanoindentation, and the wear resistance was studied via nanowear and pin-on-disk. It was found that films deposited between 4.8% and 16.7% nitrogen flow ratio exhibited an amorphous phase. As the nitrogen was increased, the films evolved into a mixture of amorphous Si3N4 and crystalline TiWN phase. Moreover, the film morphology changed to fine columnar as the nitrogen flow ratio increased. As a general observation, the hardness, resistance to plastic deformation (H3/E2), and residual stress of the samples increased as the nitrogen flow ratio increased. The maximum hardness, resistance to plastic deformation, and residual stress were 22 ± 0.4 GPa, 213 ± 20 MPa, and 1.4 ± 0.01, respectively. The lowest nanowear volume (0.47 µm3) and wear rate (11 ± 8 10−9 mm3/N mm) were obtained for films deposited at high nitrogen flow ratios. The lowest friction coefficient (0.15) was recorded for films deposited at 16.7% nitrogen flow ratio.

Cenizas Volantes de Termoeléctrica como Materia Prima para la Fabricación de Materiales Cerámicos de Construcción: Efecto de la Temperatura de Cocción sobre el Material

Rojas Suárez, Jhan Piero | 2019-02

Se empleó ceniza volante de una central termoeléctrica, como sustituto parcial de material arcilloso, para la elaboración de cerámicos de construcción. Las probetas se realizaron con sustituciones del 5, 10, 15 y 20% (peso), mediante conformado por extrusión, se emplearon varias temperaturas de cocción (900 a 1200ºC). Esto para establecer correlaciones entre la microestructura, la topografía y las propiedades tecnológicas del cerámico tales como la resistencia mecánica a la flexión, la resistencia a la abrasión profunda, el porcentaje de absorción de agua, la conductividad térmica y la contracción lineal de secado/cocción. El análisis microestructural y de topografía dejó en evidencia que la ceniza volante es rica en fase amorfa y con presencia de elementos de carácter fundente (K y Fe). Los fenómenos de recristalización de sílice presente y el aumento de porosidad parecen explicar el comportamiento obtenido. Sustituciones hasta del 10% de CV permite obtener cerámicos con aplicabilidad en el sector de la construcción

Evaluation of the wear-corrosion process in beta-tricalcium(β-TCP) films obtained by physical vapor deposition (PVD)

Bautista-Ruiz, Jorge | 2019

A simultaneous evaluation was done of the wear-corrosion of the coatings of beta-tricalcium phosphate on titanium (Ti) substrate deposits obtained by the magnetron sputtering technique. The characterization was developed by a tribometer system coupled to an electrochemical cell. This system allows the combination of corrosion and friction tests between the surface of the coating and the spherical bone pin. The synergy of the two wear phenomena was characterized, which were monitored by means of the electrochemical response as a function of the value of the friction coefficient. It was determined that the system generates a gradual film accumulation process, followed by an instantaneous loss after a critical period. Additionally, it is concluded that the increase in the coefficient of friction is not immediately followed by the increase in wear rate

Characterization of the tribological properties of bismuth-titanate coatings synthesized by sol-gel on 316L stainless steel substrates

Bautista-Ruiz, Jorge | 2019

The objective of this investigation was to obtain ceramic coatings of bismuth titanate by Sol-gel synthesis on 316L stainless steel substrates using bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (III) and titanium tetrabutoxide as precursors. The characterization focused on determining wear rates, coefficients of friction, adhesion, nano-hardness, and thickness of the coatings, depending on the concentration of the precursors, the speed of rotation and the number of layers. It is concluded that the sol presents favorable conditions for their potential application as coatings on metallic substrates

Coffee husk as feldspar substitute in the manufacture of enameled ceramic tile

Sarabia Guarin, Alejandra | 2020-12-09

This study researches the effect of adding coffee husk (ch) and coffee husk ash (cha) as partial feldspar substitutes to the manufacture of enameled ceramic tiles. Clays and other paste additives were characterized using xrd and xrf. The designed prototypes were pressed, dried, and fired at 1,120 °C. The physical (drying and firing shrinkage, apparent density, water absorption) and mechanical (flexion resistance) properties were evaluated and compared with standard fired specimens. Although the physical and mechanical properties of the specimens with 5 and 10 % ch and cha make them suitable for the manufacture of biib ceramic tiles, it was concluded that ch and cha under the working conditions do not replace feldspar in the preparation of enameled ceramic tiles due to surface quality defects

Developing a Ceramic Construction Product under Bioclimatic and Sustainable Architecture Principles

Sanchez Molina, Jorge | 2020-12-09

The role of facades is fundamental to determine the energy performance of a building. According to the properties of construction elements, the heat transfer towards the interior can be strategically controlled to avoid increases in energy demand by the cooling system. The development of insulating products can solve this problem. In Norte de Santander, Colombia, the thriving clay industry is based on raw material quality. This paper designs and validates the thermal behavior of two proposed ventilated bricks, called eco Design. The thermal validation was fulfilled using the ANSYS R16 software to simulate the transfer and heat fluxes according to shape and material. The best performance was achieved by an extruded process to determine the mechanical properties on a laboratory scale in different mixtures with technological additives. The results show that the ventilated air chamber can reduce the inner surface temperature up to 45.5 °F. Nevertheless, the strength of these new products is considerably reduced compared to traditional multi-perforated brick.

Effort and safety factor in the unions of wooden structures used as carbon mine sustainability, mine case Baseli, Colombia

Acevedo Peñaloza, Carlos Humberto | 2018-08-30

The research has been dedicated to the study of the calculation of the stresses and design conditions given by the safety factor of operation of the structural members of the mines that use wood as their main support material. Wood is a lightweight material, easily transportable and easily handled in ademe systems [1]. For this case, the structural member that is analyzed is the union between the column and the beam of the mine doors, known as the German door. For the development of the study, the geometry of standard doors commonly found in coal mining has been taken into account. The reason for the research on the proposed topic stems from the need to have a secure control over the structural sustainability of the mines, since the use and possible deterioration of the wood under operating conditions and in the mining environment is very important for human safety.