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Hidrología y Recursos Hídricos - HYDROS

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Hydraulic optimization of the physical parameters of a drinking water distribution system

Bonilla Granados, Carlos Alexis | 2021-09-24

Drinking-water distribution systems are generally designed with methodologies based on trial-and-error tests, which generate feasible results. However, these trials are not the most economical and reliable solution since they do not consider the optimization of the network. For the present work, the hydraulic model of the drinking water distribution network of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia, was optimized by applying the concept of resilience rate and minimum cost. The development of the work consisted of the hydraulic modeling of the physical components of the network in EPANET software, as well as the application of calculations of the connectivity coefficient and the unitary power of each section. With the data obtained from the modeling and calculations, the physical parameters were optimized, and the cost-benefit ratio was estimated. It was found that the current drinking water distribution system does not have a power surplus to overcome a system failure. The optimization increased the total energy surplus of the network (261%) and the resilience rate (585%). Also, the connectivity coefficient was improved with an average value of 0.95. The hydraulic optimization methodology applied resulted in a network resilient to system failures.

Physical parameters for the estimation of the return coefficient in the sewer of the La Chivera watershed

calixto, nelson javier | 2021-06-10

Estimating the amount of flow carried by the sanitary sewer system in a locality is essential for the design of new facilities. Having a record of the flow rates allows the adequate hydraulic design of a drainage system. The objective of this work is to determine the physical parameters for the estimation of the return coefficient that allows estimating the flow rates for the sanitary sewer of the La Chivera watershed, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia. In this sense, dry weather monitoring of the wastewater in the study area was carried out. The data collected in the field were used to construct the hourly flow variation curve or inflow hydrograph in the drainage system. The average hourly flow parameters were estimated with a value of 205.7 m3/h, a value recorded at the 11th hour of the day. Similarly, the average daily flow was determined with a value of 180.3 m3/h, while the maximum peak factor was 1.14. Finally, through the physical parameters of the sanitary sewer, the return coefficient was determined, which is 0.72, a value that represents the conditions of the study area.

Residue from coal combustion for plastic soil improvement

GALLARDO AMAYA, ROMEL JESUS | 2022-10

The combustion of coal in Hoffman-type furnaces generates ash as one of the process residues. This research seeks to make use of this residue to improve plastic subgrade soils in tertiary roads, considering that in Colombia a large percentage of these are not paved. A soil with high plasticity has been selected to make mixtures with ash dosages that vary from 0% to 15% with respect to the dry weight of the soil. To determine the variation of the physical and mechanical properties of the soil-ash mixtures tests of consistency limits, compaction tests, and California bearing ratio were carried out. The results showed that the mixture in which 12% of the coal combustion residue is added to the soil, as a percentage for the dry weight of the soil, has a better physical behavior and bearing capacity than the soil in its natural state. obtaining an increase of up to 75% in the California bearing ratio.

Estimation of the Block Adjustment Error in UAV Photogrammetric Flights in Flat Areas

Arévalo Verjel, Alba Nely | 2022-06-16

UAV-DAP (unmanned aerial vehicle-digital aerial photogrammetry) has become one of the most widely used geomatics techniques in the last decade due to its low cost and capacity to generate high-density point clouds, thus demonstrating its great potential for delivering highprecision products with a spatial resolution of centimetres. The questions is, how should it be applied to obtain the best results? This research explores different flat scenarios to analyse the accuracy of this type of survey based on photogrammetric SfM (structure from motion) technology, flight planning with ground control points (GCPs), and the combination of forward and cross strips, up to the point of processing. The RMSE (root mean square error) is analysed for each scenario to verify the quality of the results. An equation is adjusted to estimate the a priori accuracy of the photogrammetric survey with digital sensors, identifying the best option for µxyz (weight coefficients depending on the layout of both the GCP and the image network) for the four scenarios studied. The UAV flights were made in Lorca (Murcia, Spain). The study area has an extension of 80 ha, which was divided into four blocks. The GCPs and checkpoints (ChPs) were measured using dual-frequency GNSS (global navigation satellite system), with a tripod and centring system on the mark at the indicated point. The photographs were post-processed using the Agisoft Metashape Professional software (64 bits). The flights were made with two multirotor UAVs, a Phantom 3 Professional and an Inspire 2, with a Zenmuse X5S camera. We verify the influence by including additional forward and/or cross strips combined with four GCPs in the corners, plus one additional GCP in the centre, in order to obtain better photogrammetric adjustments based on the preliminary flight planning.

Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers

calixto, nelson javier | 2023-07-27

In rivers, longitudinal walls are protective structures that are directly supported on the riverbank are frequently used as hydraulic prevent the current from eroding the bank and causing scouring. However, these structures have the potential to block flow and produce erosive processes that progressively worsen scour in their area, leading to faulting and other problems. The current study used Flow-3D software to understand the scour process at the base of longitudinal walls in rivers with a well-graded granular bed. Experimental data from a physical model replicating a river with a longitudinal wall and a well-graded granular bed were used to validate the model. The investigation examined the average flow velocity and its effects on scour behavior along the longitudinal wall using the Flow-3D program. The findings showed that the Flow-3D model could improve the evaluation of debugging processes, because it provided a useful answer that closely matched the experimental data derived from the physical model. Validation with a 0.07 m mesh demonstrated that the Flow-3D model could faithfully simulate the scour process along the longitudinal wall. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that the Flow-3D software can be a useful tool for predicting the scouring process in rivers with well-graded granular beds and longitudinal walls. This is particularly important for engineers and researchers who are interested in designing and optimizing hydraulic structures to mitigate the effects of scouring, because it provided a useful answer that closely matched the experimental data derived from the physical model

Evaluation of Local Scour along the Base of Longitudinal Training Walls

Cely Calixto, Nelson Javier | 2023-11-17

This study proposes a new empirical model for estimating local scour along the base of longitudinal training walls for granular riverbeds. The model’s performance was rigorously assessed through experiments conducted in an open-channel flume, encompassing variations in granulometric characteristics, slope, and flow rates. The investigation involved a comparative analysis of six commonly employed equations for scour estimation. The results consistently demonstrated a tendency of the selected equations to overestimate scour depth within the longitudinal structures. In contrast, the new proposed equation considers factors such as the well-graded granular bedding represented by the Coefficient of uniformity (Cu) and the embedment of the longitudinal wall. This allows for a more robust identification of the scour behavior of longitudinal walls. This research enhances our comprehension of local scour in riverbeds. It provides engineers and researchers with a valuable tool for more accurate predictions, thereby contributing to the improved design and maintenance of river environment structures.

Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Composite Porous Media

Piero Rojas, Jhan | 2022-09-09

Determining the constitutive properties that describe the incipient hydraulic behavior of the materials, including the matrix domains and the distribution of macro and micropores, is crucial to analyzing the preferential water flow in saturated soils, ks, and unsaturated, ku. This study focused on determining the hydraulic conductivity in porous media under total and partial saturation conditions. The infiltration characteristics of three reconstituted soils were evaluated using five suction ranges employing conventional permeameters, an automated dual system, and mini-disk infiltrometers. The experimental cycles were carried out in granular soils with mixtures of diatomaceous soils, iron oxide (Fe2O3 ), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) in 5–40% proportions. The differences between the granular microstructures of each material and the different hydraulic interaction mechanisms (suctione levels) significantly affected the values of ks and ku and the coupling between the pore domains and the defined water regime. Additionally, a lower impact was observed in the data set exposed to higher percentages of Fe2O3 and CaCO3 in different suction ranges, mainly due to a tension effect (meniscus) generated by suction in the granular skeleton. Since both parameters are mutually correlated and have a similar impact between methods and soil cores, ks and ku must be optimized simultaneously in each mechanism analyzed. The main findings of this work result in the confirmation that the unsaturated permeability decreases as suction is imposed on the sample. As well as the addition of different materials with Particle Size Distribution finer than the base sample, it also reveals a reduction in hydraulic conductivity, both saturated and unsaturated.

Estudio comparativo de metodologías para estimación de caudales extremos en cuencas no instrumentadas

Carrillo, Gustavo | 2016-02-02

La mayoría de obras civiles en cercanías a un cauce natural deben evaluar el riesgo ante la acción del agua en eventos de crecientes, en problemas tales como inundaciones, flujos torrenciales o socavación. La ingeniería de recursos hídricos debe cuantificar la magnitud de caudales asociados con altos períodos de retorno (i.e. Q100), dando lugar a dos situaciones: 1) Cuando se tiene un adecuado registro histórico de caudales y es posible ajustar modelos probabilísticos y 2) cuando se está en una condición de información meteorológica disponible pero sin medición de caudales (Cuencas No-Instrumentadas) donde se debe recurrir a modelos hidrológicos de regionalización de caudales o modelos Lluvia-Escorrentía Dado que la mayoría de cuencas en el mundo son cuencas No-instrumentadas, surge la pregunta sobre el grado de incertidumbre de los resultados de modelación, al utilizar lineamientos generales o formulaciones empíricas en la determinación de los parámetros del modelo, máxime cuando los lineamientos y/o formulaciones fueron estudiadas en una región fisiográfica diferente a donde se desean simular caudales extremos. No es esta pregunta solo de países en vía de desarrollo, de hecho desde el punto de vista de la hidrología como ciencia, a nivel mundial, en el año 2003 la Asociación Internacional de Ciencias Hidrológicas (IAHS) lanzó la iniciativa de una década de Predicción en Cuencas No-instrumentadas o PUB (por sus siglas en inglés: Predictions in Ungauged Basins) apuntando a la formulación e implementación de programas científicos apropiados para convocar a la comunidad científica a lograr mayores avances en la capacidad de hacer predicciones en cuencas no-instrumentadas (Sivapalan, et al., 2013). Diferentes autores (Hrachowitz et al., 2013) coinciden en que uno de los factores que más contribuyen a la incertidumbre de las predicciones en cuencas no-instrumentadas son las inadecuadas técnicas de regionalización para transferir el entendimiento de los patrones de la respuesta hidrológica de cuencas instrumentadas a cuencas no-instrumentadas, debido a la falta de estudios comparativos a través de diversas cuencas (i.e. Carrillo et al., 2011), y la falta de entendimiento de los principios físicos que gobiernan una regionalización robusta. En esta investigación se realizará estudio comparativo de metodologías para estimación de caudales extremos en cuencas no instrumentadas, en el Departamento Norte de Santander (COL), seleccionando los modelos más frecuentemente utilizados en la práctica regional, cuantificando la capacidad predictiva, de los modelos, para caudales extremos. Adicionalmente, se realizará un proceso de calibración de las metodologías consideradas con miras a una posible regionalización de parámetros. La calibración se logra al seleccionar cuencas que dispongan de registro de caudales y tomando como “cierto” la magnitud de caudales obtenida por ajuste a funciones probabilísticas (Metodología de Factores de Frecuencia). Se espera que los resultados mejoren el entendimiento de la aplicación de metodologías de simulación de caudales por parte de la comunidad de consultores de hidrología en la región, y desde el punto de vista científico se avance en el entendimiento de las limitaciones de diferentes concepciones de modelación hidrológica subyacentes en una metodología dada, al aplicarlas a una región específica. Esta última idea esperamos se considere, no como una invitación a desechar los ejercicios de modelación, sino muy por el contrario motive la investigación científica local y regional en esta dirección, para lograr un aporte a la hidrología mundial desde la realidad de las cuencas colombianas

La educación inclusiva y las tecnologías en las prácticas pedagógicas

Rodriguez Tenjo, Judith del Pilar | 2020-07-01

El factor más crítico para el desarrollo de la educación inclusiva es el docente, todavía son muchos los que no se encuentran suficientemente cualificados para afrontar la transformación que requiere el sistema educativo inclusivo. El Objetivo es conocer la percepción de los docentes de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander sede Cúcuta, donde la integración de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación apoye los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje al diseñar estrategias en el aprendizaje y ser docentes inclusivos. El método utilizado parte del estudio descriptivo y de carácter exploratorio al analizar las percepciones de los docentes universitarios, permitiendo reflejar la estructura lógica y el rigor científico del proceso de investigación, empezando por la elección de un enfoque metodológico específico y finalizando con la forma como se analizaron las percepciones que tienen los docentes acerca de las competencias docentes, propiciando el desarrollo de buenas prácticas educativas, en relación a la inclusión del estudiante con discapacidades visuales y auditiva. Como técnicas utilizadas se desarrolla el análisis documental, la aplicación de instrumentos. Resultado. Se identificaron las percepciones y necesidades formativas que presentan los docentes de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander en el desarrollo de su práctica educativa dentro de un modelo de educación inclusiva para estudiantes con discapacidades visuales y auditiva, se diseñaron los instrumentos que permitieron recopilar. Conclusión. Describir las necesidades y percepciones de los docentes que formaran parte de la investigación sobre educación inclusiva.

Análisis de estructuras para la retención de cantos rodados presentes en flujos torrenciales en zonas tropicales

Quintana Ortiz, Betsy Daniella | 2019-07-01

Los flujos de avalanchas son fenómenos naturales ocasionados por una erosión, un desprendimiento o la inestabilidad de un material depositado en el manto o corteza terrestre, causando grandes pérdidas debido a su poder destructivo siendo uno de los desastres naturales que más vidas ha cobrado, como en las áreas Andinas de Perú, Colombia, Ecuador, y Venezuela las cuales están entre las zonas más afectadas por esta clase de sucesos; es por esta razón, que existe la importancia de conocer los tipos de flujo que amenazan determinados sectores, y de esta manera poder implementar un sistema de disipación que se ajuste a sus características. El presente trabajo resume los tipos de flujos de avalanchas y los sistemas de mitigación y disipación de energía utilizados para contener el flujo y así alcanzar un menor impacto por parte del fenómeno, teniendo como base los resultados de búsqueda obtenidos a través de una recopilación bibliográfica extraídos de documentos investigativos como libros, proyectos de grado, artículos científicos, bases de suscripción y de libre acceso. Finalmente, s analiza cuáles son los dispositivos más eficientes e implementados a nivel internacional y nacional con respuestas favorables a los tipos de flujos más concurridos pertenecientes a las catástrofes que causan la remoción en masa de los diferentes sedimentos.

Hydrological similarity of catchments in the southern area of Colombian Andean region

calixto, nelson javier | 2019-11-19

In every branch of science, the classification of the object of study shows the degree of understanding reached. Hydrology seeks this sorting system that classifies watersheds globally, a highly complex issue given the degree of heterogeneity of climates, geomorphology, vegetation cover, soils and geology. This project provides ideas on the possibilities of classification of basins in the southern region of the Andean zone in Colombia, from hydrological similarity point of view, evaluated by means of "signatures" that synthesize the hydrological functioning of the basin. Five signatures were considered: Runoff coefficient, base flow index, slope of the flow duration curve, discharge-precipitation elasticity, and hydrograph rising limb density. Geomorphological characteristics and values of hydrological signatures were determined for 25 catchments. Two classification methodologies were implemented: k-means clustering and classification and regression trees. The grouping identified two groups for base flow index, rising limb density and slope of the flow duration curve firms, and three groups for the remaining runoff coefficient and streamflow-precipitation elasticity. No significant correlations were found between hydrological signatures and climatic and geomorphological characteristics, suggesting a degree of complexity within hydrological processes that require the inclusion of other components such as vegetation and soils characteristics. By applying regression trees, the basins were grouped into 4 classes, with the slope of the flow duration curve being the main discriminator and the rising limb density in the second level. The importance of the flow duration curve as an indicator of hydrological processes and the rising limb density as an indicator of the climatic component, the driving force of said processes, is highlighted.

Implementation of a physical model to determine the hydraulic behavior of mountain rivers

calixto, nelson javier | 2019-11-19

The present work consisted in the implementation of a small-scale physical model of a mountain river according to the similarity conditions that these models must satisfy, this model was implemented in a channel with measures 200 cm length, base 20 cm and height of 15 cm; a variable slope between 1% and 5% was handled, it was evaluated with the design conditions of open-flow channels, developing a methodology of physical modeling of channels and rivers of mobile bottom without distortion, according to a turbulent flow over rough contour, so that the values determined in the physical model complied with the laws of similarity and represented the most accurate way to a mountain river. The results showed a minimum flow of 8.03 l/s and a maximum of 17.96 l/s in the physical model, which in the prototype represents a flow of 284 m3/s and 635.04 m3/s respectively. On the other hand, it was determined that the average diameter of the granular material required in the physical model is 2 mm corresponding to an average diameter of 100 mm for mountain rivers.

Physical controls in the simulation of hydraulic networks in buildings using Epanet 2.0 software

calixto, nelson javier | 2020-12-05

Water supply and distribution are an important design criterion in building construction. For this it is necessary to make an analysis of hydraulic networks, which is generally done through conventional methods based on iterative processes in spreadsheets. However, the Epanet 2.0 software can serve as an analysis method through simulation that is not currently considered for these applications, while such software is not a conventional method, it holds the possibility of being a model which through physical controls can serve as a simulator for hydraulic networks with the hypothesis that it can optimize costs and solution times. Therefore, the research has as purpose the application of physical controls for the analysis of the hydraulic networks in buildings by means of the software. For this reason, a design of the hydraulic network calculated by the modified Hunter model was executed and compared with the simulation in the software. The results obtained from the study demonstrated effectiveness of the software with a minimum percentage of error (0.24% to 1.06%) from one method to another, achieving to optimize calculation times and the economy of designs.

Optimization of a storm drainage network using the storm water management model software in different scenarios

Carrillo-Soto, Gustavo A | 2020-12-05

The research developed was based on the design and optimization of a storm drainage network, with the objective of finding solutions to possible flooding events. For this purpose, three study areas of different topographic conditions were defined in the city of San Jose de Cucuta, Colombia, with an extension of 16.82 ha (high slope zone), 12.85 ha (medium slope zone) and 12. 10 ha (low slope zone); subsequently, a storm drainage network was designed for each of the study areas based on the current specifications of Colombian standards; the storm drainage network was modeled using the storm water management model software of the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States of America, a cost-benefit comparison was developed for the two alternatives. At the conclusion of the investigation, it was found that by elaborating the cost structure for the different conditions from both the initial and optimized designs, a savings of 17.8% was obtained in the high slope, 22.4% in the medium slope and 24.6% in the low slope, mainly in activities such as excavation and pipe diameters.

Sistemas urbanos de drenaje sostenible (SUDS) una alternativa integral para el manejo de las aguas lluvias

Tarazona Tobo, Leidy | 2021-01-01

El eficiente manejo de la escorrentía se ha constituido como un factor de gran importancia en la constante búsqueda de entornos urbanos sostenibles que integren equitativamente el ámbito social, económico y ecológico; aunque dicho manejo comúnmente se realiza a través de sistemas de drenaje convencionales, estas alternativas cada día están más lejos de cumplir con su objetivo, a causa de factores como la impermeabilización de los suelos y las ampliaciones de red requeridas para el uso de dichas zonas de expansión, los cuales generan aumentos en los caudales punta, superando los previstos durante la concepción de dichos sistemas, lo que desencadena en inundaciones a causa del desbordamiento de las estructuras; esto sumado al cambio climático, el efecto de isla calor y la contaminación difusa, crea una gran problemática y con ella, la necesidad de darle una solución eficaz, gestionando este recurso de una forma distinta, haciendo uso de alternativas no convencionales como los Sistemas Urbanos de Drenaje Sostenible (SUDS), esto con el fin de reproducir el ciclo hidrológico natural, integrando los aspectos sociales, paisajísticos y ambientales de las zonas intervenidas; con el fin de conocer a profundidad estos sistemas, sus ventajas y desventajas, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica, con el objetivo de obtener información relevante sobre los SUDS, las tipologías existentes y su implementación en múltiples proyectos urbanos; con la cual se observó que su uso se remonta a comunidades como el imperio Romano y el imperio Maya, que ante la precariedad de recursos hídricos se vieron en la necesidad de crear técnicas de recolección de aguas lluvias para su uso en distintas actividades, con el tiempo, dichos métodos se han tecnificado, convirtiéndose en símbolos de sostenibilidad e innovación a nivel nacional e internacional en países como en España, Australia y Francia.

Statistical analysis of wastewater monitoring for maximum peak factor estimation

calixto, nelson javier | 2021-08-09

The design and operation of sanitary sewerage systems are based on the knowledge of peak and the average daily wastewater flows. The maximum peak factor is obtained through the ratio of the maximum flow and the average discharge flow of wastewater generated in a system. In this sense, the maximum peak factor was estimated by monitoring wastewater flow in an urban sector of the city of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia. This urban sector represents 45.6% of the sanitary sewerage of the city. Stochastic modeling of the peak flow was performed, and a mathematical model was constructed to estimate the maximum peak factor using a correlational study using statistical methodology. Through linear regression analysis, a model was obtained that estimates the value of the maximum peaking factor based on knowledge of the average daily wastewater flow. The results indicate that the model is potential, and the expression is statistically significant and satisfies the assumptions established for the classical linear regression model.

A mathematical model for the simulation of the Magdalena River in the city of Barrancabermeja, Colombia

Carrillo-Soto, Gustavo A | 2021-08-09

The integration of mathematical models allows the simulation of the spatiotemporal behavior of water quality parameters of a river. The representation of reality and different scenarios through simulation makes it possible to know the variations in water quality of a receiving water source associated with liquid discharges. Therefore, for this study, the mathematical model QUAL2K was applied to simulate the water quality of the Magdalena River in the section that crosses the city of Barrancabermeja, Colombia. For this purpose, a database of hydro-climatological records from 1977 to 2020 was used. Among the analyses, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand were considered as water quality parameters. As a result of the initial data processing of the distribution tests and Kolmogorov goodness of fit, the best fit with the normal distribution was obtained for the estimation of flow rates. The concentrations of the water quality parameters dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand were represented in the mathematical model, which shows the dilution capacity of the pollutant loads of the wastewater, due to the high flow of the Magdalena River in the study section.