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Diseño Mecánico, Materiales y Procesos - GIDIMA

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Effects of Environmental Conditions on Photovoltaic Generation System Performance with Polycrystalline Panels

Mejía Ruiz, Saúl | 2021-10-31

Photovoltaic solar energy is the third most widely used renewable source worldwide, after hydroelectric and wind energy, and this energy source requires experimental and theoretical development in specific topics such as the effect of environmental conditions on energy performance. Thus, this study's main objective was to determine the influence that meteorological conditions have on the performance of solar photovoltaic systems, based on measurements from a measurement station installed in the city of Barranquilla-Colombia, to determine the factors that significantly affect the system’s energy efficiency deviation. The experimental results show a dependence of the solar panel energy performance on some weather conditions, which is an uncontrolled phenomenon such as the ambient temperature and the atmosphere's humidity. Also, solar panel temperature and irradiance were the parameters with greater importance in the systems power generation. Also, the panel temperature must be controlled to obtain the desired response, because the panel temperature is inversely proportional to the voltage and directly proportional to the current. However, the negative effect of increased panel temperature in sunny climates is compensated by increased solar hours, so the summer system has less instantaneous efficiency, but it has higher solar output throughout the day. Therefore, solar energy production study should be related to total daily production.

Applied Bibliometric in the Advancement of Solar Energy Research

Torres Moreno, James | 2022-07-19

Bibliometrics has proven to be an efficient method for quantitative research on the statistical behavior of academic production, which allows analyzing existing data and documents to resolve trends in specific research fields. Considering the database downloaded from Web of Science, with the help of Hitscite and VOSviewer data analysis tool and Microsoft Excel table, 7,259 publications related to solar energy research from 2010 to 2020 were obtained. The purpose of this research work is to apply bibliometric analysis methods to the development of scientific research on solar energy, as an important part of renewable energies, to evaluate its progress in the last decades and to describe these trends. The results showed that since 2015, research on solar energy has increased, especially in countries such as the United States and China, due to the Paris treaties where the goal is that the average temperature of the earth by the year 2100 does not exceed 1.5 °C. Since greenhouse gases are the cause of the greatest impact of the increase in global temperature, it is expected that researchers will focus on harnessing green energy and take a step further to reduce fossil fuels.

Evaluation of the drinking water treatment system (STAP) San Fernando –Los Patios urbanization, Colombia. Efficiency and quality

castrillon jaimes, yusbely cecilia | 2020-08-26

The quality of water for human consumption in the municipality of Los Patios in Colombia, depends 60% of the treatment systems for drinking water (STAP) independent, these are adapted according to the population that conforms in 2014 and own resources. Urbanization San Fernando carries out the treatment in an efficient way guaranteeing the quality of water for human consumption, therefore, the field study is based on a quantitative approach and a method that describes the results of the analysis of the samples taken at the entrance and exit of the STAP, to evaluate the efficiency and quality of the system the sample is characterized from the analysis of the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters at the entrance and exit of the system in the Water Laboratory of the Universidad Francisco de Paula de Santander. The physical and microbiological results identify the efficiency of the system and the operator, indicating the quality of the water by the values in the parameters measured according to Decree 1575 of 2007 and 1525 of 2007 by the Ministry of Social Protection in Colombia. The chemical analyses detected a high percentage of calcium hardness in the sample at the system outlet, which is reportedto the directors of the urbanization. In accordance with this, the relevant controls and monitoring are carried out in the process for the purification and consumption of water, without neglecting the habits of water storage by the community in each home.

Processing and in vitro bioactivity of a β-Ca3(PO4)2-CaMg(SiO3)2 ceramic with the eutectic composition

García-Páez, Ismael H. | 2016-02

In this study, a dense bioactive ceramic, with nominal composition (wt.%) 40 Ca3(PO4)2–60 CaMg(SiO3)2, was prepared by solid state sintering of homogeneous compacted mixtures of fine synthetic Ca3(PO4)2 and CaMg(SiO3)2 powders. The results obtained by X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy with microanalysis indicate that the ceramic composite showed a fine grained and homogeneous microstructure consisting of diopside (CaMg(SiO3)2) and whitlockite (-Ca3(PO4)2ss) grains with very small amounts of apatite. The flexural strength and elastic modulus values of the composite are similar to those of cortical human bone. Bioactivity was experimentally evaluated by examining in vitro apatite formation in simulated body fluid (SBF). In addition, a simulation of the dissolution properties of the different phases present in the material in SBF was carried out by thermodynamic calculations, with the purpose of understanding the in vitro results obtained. The experimental results demonstrated that, during soaking in SBF, the grains of whitlockite dissolved preferentially than those of diopside, leaving a porous surface layer rich in diopside. Subsequently, partial dissolution of the remaining diopside occurred and the porous surface of the ceramic became coated by a bone-like apatite layer after 7 days in SBF. This bioceramic containing -Ca3(PO4)2 and CaMg(SiO3)2 is expected to be useful to fabricate scaffolds for bone repair

Síntesis en estado sólido y caracterización de fosfato tricálcico dopado con magnesio y zinc

García-Páez, Ismael H. | 2017-04-23

El desarrollo de biocerámicas para aplicaciones estructurales está limitado debido a su baja tenacidad y resistencia. Estas limitaciones conllevan a investigaciones que buscan mejorar su rendimiento mecánico mediante dopado con elementos similares a los presentes en el hueso humano y a materiales que no generen reacciones o toxicidad, tales como: CO32--, SiO44- , Mg2+, Zn2+, F-, Cl-, Ag+, Na+ y K+. Dentro de este contexto, la presente investigación fue enfocada a la síntesis de fosfato tricálcico (TCP) dopado con iones magnesio Mg+ y zinc Zn+, mediante sinterización en estado sólido. La adición de los dopantes se realizó en forma de óxidos, así: M-1(1 wt% Mg, 1wt% Zn), M-4 (4 wt% Mg, 1 wt% Zn) y M-7 (7 wt% Mg, 1 wt% Zn), mediante mezcla y calcinación de las materias primas a 900 °C y posterior sinterización a 1200, 1300 y 1400 °C. La caracterización microestructural se realizó mediante Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido, MEB, y la composicional mediante difracción de rayos X, DRX y espectrometría de energía dispersiva, EDX. Se determinó que la fase mayoritaria en todos los casos fue β-TCP y que el cambio de la faseβ→α-TCP solo se presentó en la muestra M-7 sinterizada a 1400°C. Adicionalmente, se realizó un estudio del comportamiento in vitro en suero fisiológico artificial (SFA), donde se observó baja formación de apatita en la superficie durante la inmersión de 28 días. Finalmente, se realizó un estudio mecánico mediante el ensayo de compresión diametral en probetas de disco de diámetro 10,0 ± 0,3 mm y espesor 2,8 ± 0,2 mm, donde se observó un ligero aumento de la resistencia comparado con fosfatos comerciales.

Determinación experimental de la formabilidad de láminas de acero SG295 mediante sus propiedades tensiles

CASADIEGO PERALTA, CLAUDIA LILIANA | 2017

En la presente investigación experimental se determinaron los límites de formabilidad de láminas de acero SG295 de 2.2 mm de espesor, las cuales son utilizadas en la manufactura de cilindros para gas. Se realizó inicialmente una caracterización química y un análisis metalográfico. Las propiedades mecánicas determinadas fueron la resistencia a la tracción, el límite elástico mediante la aplicación de ensayos de tracción (ASTM E 8M) y la ductilidad, la cual se determinó mediante el alargamiento hasta fractura. El índice de resistencia al angostamiento del material se midió con el ensayo ASTM E 517 que permite determinar el coeficiente de anisotropía, r. La capacidad del material para distribuir la deformación uniformemente se cuantificó mediante el coeficiente de endurecimiento por deformación, n, según la norma ASTM E 646. Los resultados muestran una ductilidad aceptable para un acero al carbono y un comportamiento anisotrópico adecuado para operaciones de embutido.

In vitro study of the proliferation and growth of human fetal osteoblasts on Mg and Si co-substituted tricalcium phosphate ceramics

García-Páez, Ismael H. | 2017-04-20

The objective of this work was to study the feasibility of the solid state sintering, a conventional ceramic processing method, to obtain Mg and Si co-substituted tricalcium phosphate bioceramics and composites containing diopside. A series of new Ca3(PO4)2 based ceramics has been prepared from attrition milled mixtures of synthetic Ca3(PO4)2 and CaMg(SiO3)2 powders, isostatically pressed and sintered at 1250–1300°C. Materials containing 0, 1, and 5 wt % of CaMg(SiO3)2 were constituted by β + α - Ca3(PO4)2 solid solutions while the material containing 60 wt % of CaMg(SiO3)2 was a constituted by β- Ca3(PO4)2 and CaMg(SiO3)2. The biological responses of the developed ceramics were studied in vitro using human fetal osteoblast cultures. Culture times ranged from 1 to 21 days. The new family of materials promotes the adhesion and proliferation of human osteoblasts cultured onto their surface forming a monolayer and showing a normal morphology. The results of the MTT and Alamar Blue assays showed that the soluble components extracted from the Mg/Si- co-substituted Ca3(PO4)2 and the Ca3(PO4)2-CaMg(SiO3)2 composite were noncytotoxic. The specimens with diopside exhibited a better in vitro behavior which is attributed to the release of Si and Mg ions to the culture medium, enhancing the activity of cells. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2266–2275, 2017.

Scientometric analysis of research on emissions control from 2007 to 2017

Acevedo Peñaloza, Carlos Humberto | 2018-01

A scientometric analysis of the production of scientific publications on emissions control from 2007 to 2017 was carried out. HistCite was used to analyze information collected from Web of Science (WoS) on this topic during this period. The results suggest that scientific publications in this field have steadily increased over the years during the last decade. China is the country with the highest number of publications, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences represents the institution with the highest number of publications. Most of the papers and citations came from developed countries. The top three journals with highest number of papers in this field are Applied Physics Letter, Atmospheric Environment, and Environmental Science & Technology.

Clay surface characteristics using atomic force microscopy

Acevedo Peñaloza, Carlos Humberto | 2018-06-07

The first component for the manufacture of masonry products used in construction is clay, which provides the plasticity that facilitates the molding and handling of the product. The second component is the feldspar in form of alumina (Al2O3) which is used as flux. The third one is silica (SiO2) which is used as a filling material and stabilizer. These elements are determined by chemical composition using fluorescence analysis or X-ray diffraction, which is the basis of the modern classification of minerals. Thereby, the main objective of this research is to study the surface characteristics of clay samples from an industrial company producing H-10 blocks in the region of Norte de Santander, by studying the surfaces of the samples selected through the analysis by Atomic Force Microscopy, in order to compare the results with those found in the literature, and at the same time taking into account the chemical elements in their highest composition. The results show that this is a technique that allows the identification of clay components, thus validating what has been found in physical and chemical analysis, expecting to provide a scientific contribution by AFM, because there is little information related to the characterization topography of clay materials.

Experimental study of the 2D variability roughness in the honing process of the steel cylinder

Acevedo Peñaloza, Carlos Humberto | 2018-05-29

This article presents the study of the surface roughness inside cylinders, machined by honing in industrial honing machines, with a detailed review of the variability of the values obtained in the measurement of the machined surface. The determination of the amount of measurement data on the cover is displayed to get characteristic mean values of the measured surface. For this reason, and due to the randomness of the surfaces machined by honing, an experimental study has been proposed to carry out this analysis, where the roughness has been measured with a roughness meter with a contact probe, since this type of instrument is widely used academically and especially industrially, and is apparently standardized by international standards such as ISO 3274 or ASME B46.1.

A comparative study of the cutting parameter in milling process under different material

Acevedo Peñaloza, Carlos Humberto | 2018-06-18

In the present study, the incidence of the variation in feed rate per tooth and depth of cut for SAE 4340 alloy steel and SAE J431 steel castings was analysed and in which material this variation is most noticeable. For this purpose, the machining process studied was milling. This is a machining operation in which a workpiece is passed in front of a rotating cylindrical tool with multiple cutting edges. For this study, the feed rate per tooth and depth of cut were varied by 4 values each. The feed rate ranged from 0.002 mm to 0.008 mm and the depth of 2 mm to 8 mm found that for both parameter variations cutting speeds always decrease with increasing both feed per tooth and depth of cut and that feed per tooth and depth of cut significantly affect process costs.

Experimental study of the correlation the surface roughness 2D and 3D in the honing process of the steel cylinder

Coba Salcedo, Milton Fabian | 2018-08

Objectives: This research proposes the feasibility of working on surfaces obtained by honing with 2D roughness parameters, as the 3D roughness measurement commonly used in the industry requires many hours of measurement time. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this article, we study the values of surface roughness in two dimensions and three dimensions measured inside cylinders, machined by honing in industrial honing machines. Hardness has been measured with a contact probe roughness meter, as this type of instrument is widely used in academic and especially industrial applications and is standardized in international standards such as ISO 3274 or ASME B46.1. Findings: It is concluded that due to the excellent association obtained, it is sufficient to work with adjustments in two dimensions to characterize the surface, since the roughness in three dimensions takes a long time to be measured with a contact roughness meter like the one used in this investigation, so 2D parameters can be used because due to their normal behavior, they offer competitive advantages due to their ease of determination and require shorter measurement times. Application/Improvements: Manufacturers of hydraulic cylinders, surface finish of the inner wall of internal combustion engines and all those applications where it is machined with honing.

Artisanal filter with geo-materials: a basic water treatment alternative for human consumption in marginal areas

Martinez Yanez, Daniela | 2018-11-29

The article presents the design and development of filters (easy to implement in homes) that have the capacity to eliminate microorganisms and chemical substances; therefore, they act as handmade water purifiers. It constitutes a reasonable alternative solution to the problem of contaminated water consumption, which can be applied in places of low economic resources.

Behaviour of the contact trace in a cam-follower system when the displacement law has been designed using bézier curves

Acevedo Peñaloza, Carlos Humberto | 2018-11-06

The study shows the distribution of the contact trace in a cam - follower mechanism in which the Bézier curves of degrees 5, 7 and 9 have been used for the design of displacement of the follower. The equations that describe the movement of the follower and its derivatives are presented, the expressions are formulated for the contact trace, the force exerted on the mechanical assembly are formulated and the results obtained are presented in a model mechanism.

Comparison of the radius of curvature in the cams which used in the displacement law beziér curves and cyclic and harmonic curves

Acevedo Peñaloza, Carlos Humberto | 2018-11-07

The work shows the radius of curvature for different variations of the angle of rotation β and of the ratio of Ro/L, the study is shown for the case in which the laws of displacement of the cams have been designed by Bézier curves and these results are compared with those obtained by harmonic and cyclic curves.

Design of an automated cheese cutting machine prototype

Espinel Blanco, Edwin | 2018-11-30

This work describes each of the parameters for the design of a prototype of an automated machine to make cuts in different types of cheese, in cubic form and slices. Each mechanical and structural component is designed, analyzed and calculated, with the implementation of a compression mechanism with power screw, simulating its operation in the SolidWorks Computer Aided Design (CAD) program, the equipment and accessories that constitute the control system for the automation of the prototype are selected, the programming of the Programmable Logical Control (PLC) in ladder language is carried out. Finally, the operation of the prototype is demonstrated through modeling and simulation with the use of the NI LabVIEW Softmotion module that allows integration with SolidWorks, making the application that involves some components of the prototype and controlling its movements from NI LabVIEW.

Substitution of natural stony material aggregates in conventional 17.5 mpa non-structural concrete mixtures by means of percentage addition of hospital solid waste

Hurtado-Figueroa, Oswaldo | 2018-11-29

An experimental character research was carried out. A conventional concrete mixture was made with the mechanical resistance to compression of 17.5 Mpa. The materials used in the concrete mixture were analyzed and selected based on the parameters established in the Colombian Technical Standards and the ASTM International Standards. They were made 6 test cylinders with the mentioned concrete mixture to which, the compressive strength of the concrete was checked it, 3 of them 7 days after they were made and the rest of them 28 days later, respectively. Thereafter, their drying process by immersion, the data thrown by the tests were averaged and tabulated. The Hospital waste solid incinerated and treated by Ecosteryl machine which is located at Guayabal environmental technology park in Cucuta city was collected. The material resulting from the incineration and treatment of the hospital solid waste was selected taking only the particles equal to or less than 20mm resulting from the crushing process by Ecosteryl. With the selected Particulate material, 3 experimental mix designs were made, which 2.5, 5 and 7.5% of the total weight of the natural stone aggregates present in the conventional concrete mixture was replaced. With each experimental mixture made, 6 cylinders were tested at 7 and 28 days, a process carried out in the same way as that implemented in the conventional concrete mix for both tests and data collection and analysis. The comparative tables showed that the experimental mixture I, where 2.5% of the total weight of the aggregate of the conventional concrete mixture was replaced, was the one that obtained the highest compressive strength surpassing the result of the conventional concrete mixture.

Techno-economic analysis of on-grid biomass renewable energy power station: A case study in Caribbean region of Colombia

VALENCIA OCHOA, GUILLERMO ELIECER | 2018-12-07

In this article a techno-economic study of an Electric-Biomass on-grid power plant is presented, in order to compare the performance and the operating annual cost under some types of biogas produced from poultry, bovine and porcine manure, and solid urban organic waste, using the Homer® software to develop many solutions. Certainly, the best set up had the maximum combined renewable energy with a minimum electric consumption from the grid. The scheme was integrated by two 500kW biogas-powered electric generator on grid to supply an average energy of 1401.6kW, with an annual operating cost of $2.09 million when the energy supply is electric. Results presented a significant operational cost reduction when the biogas generator is operating on grid, finding an 8.61% of cost decrease using biogas generated from poultry, bovine and porcine manure, and a 10.53% of cost decrease using biogas from solid urban organic waste from centers and grocery market places at Caribbean Region of Colombia.

Study of the fire decomposition behavior of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (RPET) with the addition of MCA additive retardant

Prada Botia, Gaudy Carolina | 2018-12-07

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) currently occupies an important space in the manufacture of bottles for carbonated beverages and mineral water, however, its use has become another pollution problem in the world, due to the fact that most of them end up in landfills, increasing the volume of plastics waste. The present investigation focuses on the analysis of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (RPET) analyzing whether it is possible to modify the thermal behavior of this plastic, by adding flame retardant, with the aim of improving its thermal properties. The thermal properties of the mixture and the degradation were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Dynamic Thermal Analysis (DTA), characterizing its decomposition process in increase of temperature, showing the little variation of the behavior of the mixture of RPET and % of MCA as a flame retardant additive compared to virgin PET.

Bibliometric study of state observer research applied to internal combustion engine

VALENCIA OCHOA, GUILLERMO ELIECER | 2018-12-07

The present study was conducted to evaluate the worldwide scientific production related to observers applied to internal combustion engines by taking information from the Web of Science (WoS) database and taking the papers published between 2001 − 2017. The works found are mostly research articles with a total of 130 articles equivalent to 97.01%, of the 134 articles studied, and it was also noted that the production of this type of work increased in the last 3 years, with the maximum value in 2015 being 22 articles, even in those 3 years, the greatest number of references were also found. The United States is the country with the highest number of publications with 42 followed by People´s Republic of China, France and UK with 41, 11 and 11 respectively. Although the USA is the country with the highest number of publications, China has consolidated its position as the country with the highest number of publications and citations in the last 3 years. However, within the top 10 institutes with the highest number of publications, 4 of them are from the United States, among which Ohio State University stands out as the institute with the highest number of publications with 16 (11.9%). On the other hand, the most commonly used words in the documents were observer (91), control (47), engine (47), based (42) and estimation (41).