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Arquitectura y Materiales Alternativos – GRAMA

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Utilization of agro-industrial waste to improve thermal behavior of products made of fired clay for traditional masonry

Sanchez Molina, Jorge | 2021-08-09

The reutilization of agro-industrial waste in the manufacture of fired clay products is a sustainable strategy that aims at the circular economy. The most known waste in Norte de Santander, Colombia, are coffee husk and rice husk. For this reason, this research studies the thermal impact of their insulating properties in traditional masonry products made of fired clay to be considered as insulating additives. The methodology involves the simulation of heat transfer and heat flux of the multiperforated brick and H10 block manufactured in mixtures of 100% clay and 95% clay and 5% additive to wastes in North Santander, Colombia, in the software ANSYS under the finite element method in extreme conditions of San José de Cúcuta. The results demonstrate that the residues of rice husk and coffee husk act as insulating technological nutrients with a reduction of temperatures of the interior surfaces of the products between 0.22 °C and 0.88 °C, respectively. The reutilization of residual raw materials from alternate construction industries is a sustainable consideration to evaluate new possibilities for the manufacture of products with less embedded energy and, therefore, with a lower carbon footprint than traditional fired clay products.

Evaluación de las características tecnológicas de una arcilla al adicionarle materiales de construcción para fabricar productos estructurales sin ejecutar el proceso de sinterizado

CELY ILLERA, LEONARDO | 2016-08-01

This research presents a study on the effect of the addition of materials such as sand, cement, and lime on a red clay, with the aim of improving its technological characteristics and avoiding the cooking process. The results of a standard paste were compared with the values thrown in different formulations; the mechanical performance and physical properties of the material are improved, increasing the dry densification and with a decrease in the pressability index. The results showed that adding these materials to produce clay increases the flexural strength between 16,9% and 35,5% and that there is a reduction in dry contraction of around 8,3%, being F7 the formulation that performed the best. These data contribute to the development of ceramic products with added value to be used in various technological applications without sintered material and reducing the energy consumption and pollution that these processes produce.

Effects of corundum in the development of structural, mechanical and tribological properties of raw materials for the manufacture of structural products

CELY ILLERA, CLAUDIA VANESSA | 2018

Improving the technological properties of a ceramic product without affecting its aesthetic quality is a daily challenge of the regional ceramic companies. To achieve this objective, analyzes were performed on an illitic-kaolinitic clay by adding corundum as an additive. The corundum content varied from 5% to 20% by weight with a particle size of less than 75 μm, being able to obtain products with low porosities and high mechanical resistance. This research is part of a series of studies carried out on an argillaceous raw material from the region of Norte de Santander (Colombia). The influence of the corundum content on the technological properties was evaluated. The results showed that corundum, when mixed with traditional raw materials, offers the conditions to be used as an additive in the production of ceramic products with increases of up to 67% in mechanical strength and a reduction of porosity of 46%, which can contribute to the development of value-added ceramic products for use in other technological applications.

Raw materials for the ceramics industry from norte de santander. I. Mineralogical, chemical and physical characterization

CELY ILLERA, LEONARDO | 2016-09-15

This paper examines the main characteristics of a clay used for manufacturing ceramic construction parts in the metropolitan area of San José de Cúcuta. The research was conducted using a sample of reddish clay of the Guayabo formation from the Zulia region in Norte de Santander. The material was ground by dry process and the suitable procedure for the preparation for the development of characterization analysis was performed as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), particle sizes by dry sieving and technical 152H hydrometer. Their clay/quartz relationship, plasticity and behaviour in the process of drying and firing were determined. The forming process used was extrusion. The research results showed that the material is suitable for making structural and coating products for floors and walls, in addition to shedding excellent properties for manufacturing refractory products.

Incorporation of aluminum oxide in the formulation of pastes for building materials

Carrillo Rodriguez, Luis Miguel | 2018-04-01

This work analyzes the influence of aluminum oxide with a particle size of less than 75 μm on the behavior in a clay, when it is mixed with this material at 10% by weight. It is observed how it influences the different stages of the manufacturing process and its effect on structural, mechanical and tribological properties. In previous works it has been used in different percentages increasing the mechanical resistance. For this work a composition was formulated using clay of high plasticity and making the conforming by the extrusion method. The results show the efficacy and efficiency of this material and its mechanism of action, showing increases in mechanical properties and a decrease in porosity. In addition to improving its tribological properties, granting to the products added value and the possibility to be suitable manufacture materials to be used in environments of intense pedestrian traffic or in industrial environments.

Patrones en mosaicos Y Teselados desde Composiciones Geométricas

CADENA GONZALEZ, INNIAS MIGUEL | 2018-03-20

La investigación tiene por objeto geometrizar indicadores del espacio público. A partir de una metodología de diseño geométrica se generaron teselas que respondieran a la lógica matemática, y conservara un carácter artístico asociado a la cultura de la región de frontera, al encargarse de estudiar la cualidades y propiedades de las formas que se pueden encontrar en el espacio habitable o en ejercicios teóricos matemáticos. Resultados presentan una composición geométrica definida como teselado utilizada para recubrir distintos planos. Conclusión: La exploración de formas y figuras presenta como resultado un teselado apropiado a la cultura de la ciudad de Cúcuta, el cual comprende dos piezas articuladas para formar un mosaico que responde a la lógica de diseño inspirada en M. C. Escher.

Porous covering compound of clay matrix and coal ashes

Diaz Fuentes, Carmen Xiomara | 2018-11-05

Here are presented the elaboration and characterization of a composite material with an atomized ceramic paste and flying ashes product of the coal combustion. The samples consist of prismatic tiles of 10x5x1 cm, formed by uniaxial pressing at 30 bars, made for mixes with a percentage weight of 90-10, 80-20, 70-30, 60-40 and 50-50, where the majority phase corresponds to the atomized ceramic paste. The drying process was conducted at room temperature for 12 hours and then in drying oven at 110 ° C for 24 hours. The sintering was carried out in gradient electric muffle at a maximum temperature of 1150 °C. According to the porous morphology and mechanical properties found for samples, this can be used as ceramic coatings with thermal isolation qualities for edifications in tropical weather like the metropolitan area of Cucuta, North Santander (Colombia)

Comparative thermal analysis of extruded ceramic products between multi perforated brick and modified bricks in cells distribution

Diaz Fuentes, Carmen Xiomara | 2019-10-23

The demand for cooling and heating systems to adapt spaces is a critical environmental problem due to the high energy consumption required for its operation. For this reason, the offer of products for architectural facades should consider constructive solutions that mitigate the heating of buildings. Thermal behavior of building materials is an elementary factor in the energy consumption of buildings. This paper presents the comparative thermal analysis of 4 ceramic product designs for masonry, of which, one represents the traditional multi perforated brick and the others, are proposed to prove whether shape affects the heat transfer processes. The research methodology is divided into 2 stages: product design and thermal validation by transfer and heat fluxes in the ANSYS R16 software using the finite element method. For the design process, modification of the internal cells and elimination of the thermal bridge was implemented. Simulations were configured under the highest values of solar radiation recorded in the city of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia to know the products performance in the most extreme conditions of the city. The results indicate that design varies energy performance of the product, since it reduces the temperature of the inner surface to 1.23 °C or increase it to 2.25 °C. The results show that the modification of cells distribution and elimination of thermal bridges are passive strategies for the reduction of heat transfer in the design of ceramic product for masonry. This research is a breakthrough for future research that develops constructive units focused on improving the quality of life of people from thermal comfort, energy efficiency and the use of local resources and technologies.

Comparative evaluation of the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of traditional H10 and H15 red clay blocks manufactured by the ceramic industry from San José de Cúcuta, Colombia

Diaz Fuentes, Carmen Xiomara | 2019-11-19

The traditional blocks of baked clay represent 15% of the total production of the ceramics cluster in the Norte de Santander region, with a product typology whose dimensions, shape, weight and price are the most demanded of the market. Its positioning becomes a molding element of the materiality of the architectural covering in the metropolitan area of San José de Cúcuta. This research focuses on the study of two of the most economical and used products in building materials constructions in the city: the blocks manufactured by extruded H-10 of 6 rectangular cavities with market dimensions L: 300 mm, W: 100 mm, H: 200 mm and H-15 of 9 rectangular cavities of size L: 300 mm, W: 150 mm, H: 200 mm and seeks to report its physicalmechanical characteristics to compare the impact of the variables in the units thermal behavior in the enclosure system. This work is carried out by applying 2 methods: in the first phase tests are carried out at the laboratory level using the Norma Técnica Colombiana 4017 and the Norma Técnica Colombiana 4205 to determine the qualitative properties of the building units in each format, and a simulation of temperature distribution and heat flux by finite element method in software ANSYS R16 evaluating the incidence of variables in the heat transfer in a traditional masonry system, evaluating the thermal performance in extreme temperature conditions of 33 °C typical of the region. The results show a difference of 0.709 °C between the thermal behavior between the formats, with a reduction of final thermal energy by the approximate increase of 50 mm in the thickness, this variant presents an opportunity of development to minimize the impacts of the loads of temperature in the envelope, favorable for warm tropical climates.

Characterization of the physical-mechanical and thermal behavior of a clay building unit designed with thermoinsulating attributes and a coffee cisco organic additive

Diaz Fuentes, Carmen Xiomara | 2019-11-29

This research is articulated from the clay framework as material wealth of the region of Norte de Santander, Colombia, and seeks to structure attributes of passive thermal cooling in a ceramic piece for low cost masonry type block cooked with physical, mechanical and thermals feasible characteristics for warm tropical weather conditions of 33 °C on average. This work is based on previous studies that explores the partitions structure morphology in Blocks H10 establishing a model of 6 horizontal cavities for low thermal conductivity and having oblique geometry partitions to interrupt heat conduction by direct thermal bridge inside of the constructive unit called Form-C, which is taken as the object of analysis, adding 5% organic coffee cisco additive in the 95% clay mixture to increase the porosity with a proportion that does not affect the deterioration of the mechanical properties and allow to optimize the thermal insulation capacity regarding to a traditional product. Methodologies: in the first phase, prototypes of Block H10 with Form-A are manufactured by extrusion at the laboratory level as a comparative witness of the properties of a standard piece and Form-C as a piece with thermoinsulating strategies to execute physical-ceramic, geometric evaluations of mechanical resistance and water absorption applying the Norma Técnica Colombiana 4017 for masonry units. In the second stage, simulations of temperature distribution and heat flow are prepared by finite element method in ANSYS R16 software to determine the incidence of the variables in the mixture on heat transfer. The results obtained from thermal simulations show an energy decrease of 1.5 °C on average in relation to Form-A. In conclusion, the use of agro industrial scraps and the implementation of passive design techniques in the ceramic piece generate added value in a product that can be industrialized with improvements in technological properties from a thermal efficiency perspective in construction ceramics.

Physical-thermal straw properties advantages in the design of a sustainable panel-type construction system to be used as an architectural dividing element

Diaz Fuentes, Carmen Xiomara | 2020-08-05

The walls in architecture determine the energy behavior of a home, the physical and thermal properties of the building elements are capable of controlling the energy transfer of to the interior, avoiding dependence on artificial cooling systems, which increase energy consumption. The research takes advantage of the physical-thermal attributes of straw, considering its use as a material, presenting sustainable constructive solutions for the walls configuration in rural houses with a warm tropical climate. The proposed design starts from identifying the properties of materials with a low carbon footprint such as straw, wood, cardboard, which are viable due to their low weight and easy obtaining. The result is the modular design of the EcoStraw panel that consists of a compressed straw matrix, embedded in a module whose function is to isolate the heat conduction between the interior and exterior, a modular and wooden support structure with the aim of giving structural stability in the stack and a cardboard laminate lining that acts as an interior closing surface. The constructive solution can be industrialized, economical and with a low impact on the environment.

Physical-thermal isolation strategies for the design of sustainable ceramic building units

Diaz Fuentes, Carmen Xiomara | 2020-09-30

The architectural envelope constitutes more than the aesthetic expression of the building, currently it represents one of the most important challenges in the configuration of energy efficiency in buildings, the materials that build this skin are responsible for the energy flows that enter the built space, an aspect that becomes especially relevant in tropics climates with warm temperatures up to 33 °C; From this context, the design as an innovation tool allows the configuration of strategies to grant physical properties to the construction units capable of reducing heat transfer through the optimization of its components. Within this investigation, the addition of passive cooling strategies in ceramic pieces designed with sustainable principles is analyzed. As a methodology, thermal simulations are carried out by finite element method considering a thermal conductivity of a ceramic of 0.407 W/m•k applied to three pieces with thermal insulating design to analyze the comparative results in relation to the behavior of temperature distribution and heat flow. This paper presents the results of applying design criteria in innovative pieces for masonry enclosures from the perspective of sustainability based on the thermal properties of a vernacular material, clay, in the Norte de Santander, Colombia.

Improvements in the thermal behavior in the manufacture of the H10 block using coffee husks as an alternative industrial additive

Diaz Fuentes, Carmen Xiomara | 2020-09-30

Industrial organic waste reuse in product manufacturing processes is a strategy that strengthens the circular economy. Thanks to materials science, the coffee husk is considered a sustainable alternative that promotes industrial processes optimization in the ceramic industry and contributes to the energy efficiency of buildings. This paper summarizes the behavior of H10 blocks on a laboratory scale in 2 mixtures of clay and coffee husk fired in 3 different temperatures: 900 °C, 1000 °C, and 1100 °C, at the “Centro de Investigación en Materiales Cerámicos, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander”, Colombia; and evaluates the relationship of physical and mechanical properties with thermal behavior by heat transfer and heat fluxes, simulated in the analysis system software through the finite element method. The results support the improvement of thermal insulation capacity. Due to this, coffee husk combustion generates internal air chambers that increase the porosity of the product. In spite of, physical and mechanical properties contrast thermal benefits with increasing water absorption percentages and thus decreasing the compressive strength of samples. In conclusion, new materials development is a technological advance that expands possibilities to create new solutions for buildings and even improves standardized designs in the ceramic industry.

Rice husk incidence on the physical, thermal and mechanical properties of H10 block from San José de Cúcuta, Colombia

Diaz Fuentes, Carmen Xiomara | 2020-11-04

The generation of new building materials responds to the reduction of energy consumption and regulation of building interior temperatures as strategy to improve energy efficiency in materials engineering and architecture. This research focuses on the study of the rice husk incidence on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of H10 block manufactured in the metropolitan area of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia. The methodology consists in 4 stages: In first instance, raw material characterization to identify chemical, structural and morphological components of clay and rice husk. Then, H10 blocks manufacturing in 2 clay mixtures, fired at 900 °C, 1000 °C and 1100 °C. Likewise, tests of manufactured samples to analyze its physical and mechanical properties. Parallel to the manufacturing process, transfer and heat fluxes simulations to evaluate surface temperatures and energy concentration of H10 block. In conclusion, rice husk acts as a technological nutrient added to clay mixture and strengthens thermal and insulating capacity of blocks. Nevertheless, the presence of rice husk in clay mixtures increases water absorption capacity of the products, as the percentage of husk increases. And therefore, the compressive strength decreases, which is a factor to consider for the constructive application of H10 block.

Thermal and mechanical properties laboratory evaluation of hollow brick made of fired clay and rice husk additive

Diaz Fuentes, Carmen Xiomara | 2020-12-05

Hollow bricks in fired clay for masonry are important in design and construction of buildings. Their thermal and mechanical properties must be considered because of the impact they have on energy consumption. The objective of this research is to evaluate thermal and mechanical properties of a new hollow brick, called Eco Design, made of fired clay and rice husk additive, in order to identify the benefits of its use in the construction of masonry walls in regions with a tropical climate. The methodology develops simulation of thermal properties of brick, manufacturing at the laboratory level and characterization of mechanical properties of finished product. Thermal validation simulates the behavior of heat transfer and fluxes of Eco Design in mixtures of 100% fired clay, 95% -5%, 85% -15% and 70% -30% fired clay with rice husk, respectively. Eco Design samples are manufactured by extrusion and fired at 1000 °C. The characterization of mechanical properties of samples manufactured consists of determining dimensions, water absorptive capacity, linear shrinkage, mass losses and mechanical resistance to compression according to Colombian normative. The results indicate that Eco Design brick has a thermal benefit of 6.9 °C in 95% -5% mixture, as the percentage of rice husk increases, benefit increases 0.75 °C additional. Furthermore, the implementation of rice husk additive improves 7.15% mechanical resistance to compression and increases 18.3% water absorption capacity. Finally, the assessment of thermal and mechanical properties of Eco Design is a reference to promote innovation in ceramic industry in Norte de Santander and Colombia.

Exploration of types of ventilated air chambers to improve thermal efficiency of bricks in fired clay

| 2020-12-05

The products and construction systems for facades regulate energy transfer in the architectural envelopes. Therefore, this paper developed an exploration of types of ventilated air chambers to improve thermal efficiency of brick for masonry walls in fired clay, taking into account their role in buildings. The methodology involves three fundamental stages: design, simulation and analysis of results. The design stage proposes 3 brick typologies with ventilated air chamber. The second stage simulates the behavior of the heat transfer and heat fluxes of the models in extreme climatic conditions of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia, in September in Ansys software through the finite element method. Finally, the analysis of results studies the relationship between the incorporation of the ventilated chamber, shape of the product and heat transfer of proposed models, in comparison with the multi-perforated brick. The results indicate that thermal benefit varies between 2.52 °C and 3.64 °C in the interior surfaces of proposed bricks. Moreover, incorporation of ventilated air chamber mitigates heat transfer and reduces energy concentration in the interior sides of new bricks design. In conclusion, innovation in brick design proves that new forms proposition generates added values such as thermal benefits related to comfort. This aspect is important to consider because it establishes a transformative perspective for brick industry through an innovative market that is committed to sustainability of architectural envelopes in order to reduce energy consumption of buildings.

Physical thermal properties and comparative analysis of the ecological straw constructive modules

Diaz Fuentes, Carmen Xiomara | 2020-12-05

Understanding the physical and thermal material properties is important, due to it helps to determine the thermal comfort and how green is an architectural space, decreasing the energy consumption and avoiding the use of artificial cooling systems. This research is based on three stages: the design, simulations, and analysis of the results. The first stage developed three modules made of straw as a core material, wood and cardboard reinforcement. Successively, the thermal analysis simulation of the modules was carried out using the software ANSYS to determine each one thermal performance under extreme solar radiation of San Jose de Cucuta, Colombia. Thus, obtaining the temperature distribution exterior-interior and the heat fluxes for each typology. The results of the simulation show better thermal benefit in one specific module compared to the others, demonstrating that the implementation of an air chamber is the best strategy to reduce heat transfer in the design of the module, encouraging the use of straw as a constructive system. This research promotes the development of widely viable innovative sustainable construction solutions to configure any type of architectural enclosure in rural areas surrounding the city.

Developing a Ceramic Construction Product under Bioclimatic and Sustainable Architecture Principles

Sanchez Molina, Jorge | 2020-12-09

The role of facades is fundamental to determine the energy performance of a building. According to the properties of construction elements, the heat transfer towards the interior can be strategically controlled to avoid increases in energy demand by the cooling system. The development of insulating products can solve this problem. In Norte de Santander, Colombia, the thriving clay industry is based on raw material quality. This paper designs and validates the thermal behavior of two proposed ventilated bricks, called eco Design. The thermal validation was fulfilled using the ANSYS R16 software to simulate the transfer and heat fluxes according to shape and material. The best performance was achieved by an extruded process to determine the mechanical properties on a laboratory scale in different mixtures with technological additives. The results show that the ventilated air chamber can reduce the inner surface temperature up to 45.5 °F. Nevertheless, the strength of these new products is considerably reduced compared to traditional multi-perforated brick.

Utilization of agro-industrial waste to improve thermal behavior of products made of fired clay for traditional masonry

Diaz Fuentes, Carmen Xiomara | 2021-08-09

The reutilization of agro-industrial waste in the manufacture of fired clay products is a sustainable strategy that aims at the circular economy. The most known waste in Norte de Santander, Colombia, are coffee husk and rice husk. For this reason, this research studies the thermal impact of their insulating properties in traditional masonry products made of fired clay to be considered as insulating additives. The methodology involves the simulation of heat transfer and heat flux of the multiperforated brick and H10 block manufactured in mixtures of 100% clay and 95% clay and 5% additive to wastes in North Santander, Colombia, in the software ANSYS under the finite element method in extreme conditions of San José de Cúcuta. The results demonstrate that the residues of rice husk and coffee husk act as insulating technological nutrients with a reduction of temperatures of the interior surfaces of the products between 0.22 °C and 0.88 °C, respectively. The reutilization of residual raw materials from alternate construction industries is a sustainable consideration to evaluate new possibilities for the manufacture of products with less embedded energy and, therefore, with a lower carbon footprint than traditional fired clay products.

Algalcolor: bio-platform for the sustainable production of cyanobacterial-based colours and fine chemicals

Barajas Solano, andres F | 2021

Las cianobacterias son consideradas como una de las nuevas fuentes biotecnológicas sostenible de varias materias primas para la industria farmacéutica, alimentaria, clínica y energética mundial. Dentro de estos metabolitos, las ficobiliproteinas (proteínas colorantes de color azul y rojo) y los exopolisacaridos resaltan por su amplia demanda. Las cianobacterias son la principal fuente natural de ficobiliproteinas. Este grupo de microorganismos simples es explotado a nivel mundial en diferentes sistemas de producción (abiertos o cerrados). Sin embargo, las cepas que son explotadas industrialmente poseen condiciones abióticas de cultivo (temperatura, radiación solar y ciclo luz:oscuridad) que restringen su localización geográfica a ciertas zonas, por lo cual, no todas las cepas (menos del 10% de la diversidad global) son explotadas. Las cianobacterias termotolerantes poseen la capacidad de sobrevivir en ambientes con alta radiación y temperatura, lo cual les otorga un mayor rango de crecimiento. En los últimos años, el grupo Ambiente y Vida de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander ha podido aislar y determinar un grupo de cianobacterias termotolerantes provenientes de termales del departamento con la capacidad de producir altos contenidos de ficocianinas y exopolisacaridos los cuales pueden ser estudiados para su explotación industrial. El presente proyecto tiene como objetivo Desarrollar una bio-plataforma para la producción de colores y metabolitos de alto valor agregado a empleando cianobacterias termotolerantes colombianas. Para lograr lo anterior se proponen las siguientes etapas: (1) Determinar las cepas mayor capacidad de producir fitohormonas y Exopolisacaridos (EPS). (2) Identificar el efecto del Ciclo luz/oscuridad e intensidad lumínica en la producción de fitohormonas y Exopolisacaridos. (3) Determinar el efecto de concentración de macronutrientes en la producción de C-PC y PE. (4) Evaluar el efecto de la concentración de micronutrientes en la síntesis de C-PC y PE. Y (5) Optimizar la concentración de nutrientes para la síntesis y producción de C-PC y PE en cepas de cianobacterias termotolerantes. Se espera que esta iniciativa permita mejorar constantemente la investigación, desarrollo e innovación en la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y del Ambiente y finalmente de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander.